The name (believed by Hoffmann, 'Hiob,' 1891, to occur in Job v. The Israelites also offered sacrifices to the shedim (Deut. 7, 52 compare a similar rite in Sayce, 'Hibbert Lectures,' 1887, p. The wilderness as the home of demons was regarded as the place whence such diseases as leprosy issued, and in cases of leprosy one of the birds set apart to be offered as an expiatory sacrifice was released that it might carry the disease back to the desert (Lev. )-seem to be field-demons of the same nature. 31c as 'a fabulous mountain-man drawing nourishment from the ground' (see Jastrow, 'Dict.,' and Levy, 'Neuhebr. 'stones of the field'), with which the righteous are said to be in league-obviously identical with, if not a corruption of, the (Mishnah Kil. 5), are faunlike spirits similar to the se'irim, though of a harmless nature.

Possibly 'the roes and hinds of the field,' by which Shulamit conjures the daughters of Jerusalem to bring her back to her lover (Cant. 10 et seq.), probably the chief of the se'irim, and Lilith (Isa. To the same class belongs Azazel, the goat-like demon of the wilderness (Lev. 73, 'saltantes satyri'), and are identical with the jinn of the Arabian woods and deserts (see Wellhausen, l.c., and Smith, l.c.). V., incorrectly, 'he-goats'), are satyr-like demons, described as dancing in the wilderness (Isa. The demons mentioned in the Bible are of two classes, the 'se'irim' and the 'shedim.' The se'irim ('hairy beings'), to which the Israelites sacrificed in the open fields (Lev. In Europe, Teutonic, Celtic, and Slavonic demonology in the form of superstition permeated Jewish practise and belief. In Babylonia the Jews came under the influence of both the Chaldean and the Persian belief in good and in evil spirits, and this dualistic system became a dominant factor of Jewish demonology and Angelology. 22-41 Jastrow, 'Religion of Babylonia and Assyria,' pp. 112-125, 422 et seq.), Canaanite practise and belief were greatly influenced by ancient Chaldea, whose demonologyis in the main pre-Semitic (see Lenormant, 'Chaldean Magic,' 1877, pp.

While the nomadic Hebrews had much in common with the Arabian Bedouins in their belief in spirits (see Wellhausen, 'Reste Arabischen Heidenthums: Skizzen und Vorarbeiten,' 1887, iii. Jewish demonology can at no time be viewed as the outcome of an antecedent Hebrew belief. But inasmuch as they were still feared and occasionally worshiped by the populace, they became the objects of popular superstition. When certain deities rose to be the objects of regular worship and became the rulers of the powers of life, demons, or spirits, were subordinated to them. Demons (Greek, δαίμονες or δαιμόνια Hebrew, and Aramaic, or rabbinical, and as spirits animating all elements of life and inhabiting all parts of the world, have their place in the primitive belief of all tribes and races. Systematic knowledge concerning demons or evil spirits.

-In Arabic Literature:This article treats only of parallels to Jewish demonology found in Arabic literature.

The Law, the Prophylactic Against Demons.

“By combining these different references-the fall of Satan from Luke, with the reference to the devil and his angels from Matthew, with the Beelzebul story making Satan the ruler of the demons-we come up with the different elements of the later belief that Satan is the prince of fallen angels who are identical with demons,” Martin writes. Luke refers to Satan “falling from heaven,” while Matthew mentions “the devil and his angels.” They also unify the figures of Satan, the devil, and Beelzebul. In the New Testament, the gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke begin to equate demons with evil spirits. When those giants are killed, their souls become “evil spirits.” And in the Qumran documents-better known as the Dead Sea Scrolls-the “spirit of injustice” is either identified with or led by the “Angel of Darkness.” In the ancient Jewish text of the Book of Enoch, “watchers”-or angels-mate with human women, producing giants. There are a few cases in pre-Christian texts in which angels have a connection with something like demons.

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